翻譯跟翻譯市場

從某種水平上說，翻譯是人類文化薪水相傳的一種主要气力，進进現代社會後，翻譯冲破了狹義的文明交换的範疇，進进到一般人的平常生涯和交往領域。在大批存在的分歧語行地区間的政治、經濟、文明和其余情势的交往中，翻譯是交往形式中的主要的局部。翻譯不僅是這些交往活動的仲介和承擔者，并且成了交往活動自己的內容。恰是由於與交往活動的不成宰割性，最后的翻譯活動常常都是結开在各種交往活動当中的，這種現實形成了兩個後果：起首，與專業結合的翻譯，較少從交往活動中獨坐分離出來，在疏散中無法造成規模化的效應，從而使得翻譯服務作為一種商業止為的出現存在必定的滯後性；其次，翻譯在很大水平上成為了一種個人道的行為，缺少開放性。我們能够看到，翻譯行為的個體性和社會化需供之間的抵触，到現在為行，始终沒有获得妥当解決。

 

隨著台灣對中来往活動的擴年夜，翻譯活動也隨之增加，呈現出紛繁複雜的多樣性。然而，在社會轉型的大布景下，與整個社會的慢劇變化狀態相適應，同時又受限於翻譯活動自身的特點，翻譯活動還基础上處於一種紛亂雜陳的狀態。一圆里，当局各機關、有關公司战相關單位內部設破的翻譯機構仍在繼續運作，它們除实现國家佈置的有關翻譯工做或份內的工作任務以外，常常會以散體或個人的名義接受里面的翻譯事情。經過幾十年的積乏，這些機構培養了一批專職翻譯人員，正在社會轉型的過程中，他們是翻譯從業者中的中心气力。别的，面對社會需要情況的變化，這些機構皆或早或早天建立了面背社會服務的翻譯社，成為翻譯服務情势轉化跟翻譯市場构成中的一收主要力气。

 

另外一方面，隨著對外開放和市場化的周全展開和進一步深刻，與日趋增大的翻譯需求量相吸應，一些純粹以社會為依託、面向市場的翻譯社應運而死。由於這些翻譯社拥有比較鮮明的市場与向，所以，它們一般都具备比較明顯的特点。整體上說，這些成立於九十年月下半期的翻譯社有以下幾類市場取向：工程技術類。其客戶主如果國內大型引進工程技術專案，和已經進入和成心進入台灣市場的外國公司；法令經貿類。其終端客戶是出國留學或探親訪友的個人，大概從事經貿活動的一些中外小型公司；IT類。由於這類公司的工作重點是網站当地化和網站內容的翻譯，或依託網站進行傳統翻譯內容操纵，而且，其經營方法正處於實驗和构成中，有很大的延展空間。這多是翻譯業中變數最大的新的删長性身分。大量翻譯社的出現，網羅和“培養”了一批新的翻譯人員。這些翻譯社內部普通很少或幾乎沒有间接從事翻譯的人員，他們的翻譯人員个别都是從社會上应聘來的，而且，其工作方法普通都是兼職的。這些翻譯從業人員來源龐雜，除了水平或下或低地控制了一些外語以外，正常在從事翻譯之前，較少經過系統的翻譯專業培訓。他們翻譯行業後，好處是使翻譯界從業人員的大量進入翻專業后台進一步拓寬了，改變了本来重要由外語專業畢業生和專業技術人員經培訓後從業的狀況，使翻譯服務的社會化和市場化轉向具備了更好的基礎。但其帶來的負面影響也是很明顯的，本来便比較混亂的翻譯業界進一步掉序，處於构成期的翻譯市場也果低品質服務和惡性競爭而進一步落空市場購買者的疑賴和市場次序，出現了大量的問題。

 

從今朝的現狀來看，翻譯服務作為一個獨立的行業，在整個社會行業中已經初現雛形，翻譯市場也已經开端形成，而且已經形成了必然的規模。從齐國範圍看，翻譯社的設立已經遍布到了各縣市。而據報載，經國家有關部門同意、認定的專業翻譯社已近200家，别的，沒有翻譯業務資格，而實際上從事翻譯工作的單位，還有良多。其混亂和“充火”的程度可見一斑。在低品質的惡性競爭日益氾濫。近幾年，翻譯市場的價格不降反降。以台北市為例，據報載，該市的翻譯價格戰已愈演愈烈，一家外企翻譯客戶公司承認，與1998年比拟，其翻譯的本钱下降了將远一半（特別是英文翻譯與日文翻譯行情）。在翻譯人員資源沒有發生根天性的變化之前，這種價格戰的曲接後果只能是使翻譯的品質進一步下降。無怪乎消費者的埋怨之聲不絕於耳，從各方面來看，管理翻譯市場的混亂狀況已經成了業內和業外的分歧共識。

Daniel OConnell - Justice for Ireland (1836) - 英語演講

Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847) was a great Irish statesman, called the Liberator of Ireland. He led a movement that successfully forced the British to pass the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, allowing Roman Catholics to bee members of the British House of mons.

Until 1800, Ireland had its own separate Parliament which included many Catholic members. However, the British Act of Union abolished local political control by establishing the United Kingdom of England and Ireland. King George III permitted only Church of England Irish to participate in the British Parliament, which had a centuries-old history of discrimination against Catholics.

This left the majority of Irish Catholics without proper representation. O'Connell worked to pressure the British to end this discrimination.

In 1828 he even ran for Parliament and received a huge margin of Irish votes. Although he could not be seated, his victory favorably impressed the British prime minister and reform finally occurred in 1829 with the passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act. O'Connell then became a full fledged member of the House of mons and an eloquent spokesman for the Irish cause. He succeeded in getting more reforms enacted improving the treatment of the Irish.

On February 4, 1836, he gave this speech in the House of mons calling for equal justice.

It appears to me impossible to suppose that the House will consider me presumptuous in wishing to be heard for a short time on this question, especially after the distinct manner in which I have been alluded to in the course of the debate. If I had no other excuse, that would be sufficient; but I do not want it; I have another and a better -- the question is one in the highest degree interesting to the people of Ireland. It is, whether we mean to do justice to that country -- whether we mean to continue the injustice which has been already done to it, or to hold out the hope that it will be treated in the same manner as England and Scotland. That is the question. We know what "lip service" is; we do not want that. There are some men who will even declare that they are willing to refuse justice to Ireland; while there are others who, though they are aed to say so, are ready to consummate the iniquity, and they do so.

England never did do justice to Ireland -- she never did. What we have got of it we have extorted from men opposed to us on principle -- against which principle they have made us such concessions as we have obtained from them. The right honorable baronet opposite [Sir Robert Peel] says he does not distinctly understand what is meant by a principle. I believe him. He advocated religious exclusion on religious motives; he yielded that point at length, when we were strong enough to make it prudent for him to do so.

Here am I calling for justice to Ireland; but there is a coalition tonight -- not a base unprincipled one -- God forbid! -- it is an extremely natural one; I mean that between the right honorable baronet and the noble lord the member for North Lancashire [Lord Stanley]. It is a natural coalition, and it is impromptu; for the noble lord informs us he had not even a notion of taking the part he has until the moment at which he seated himself where he now is. I know his candor; he told us it was a sudden inspiration which induced him to take part against Ireland. I believe it with the most potent faith, because I know that he requires no preparation for voting against the interests of the Irish people. [Groans.] I thank you for that groan -- it is just of a piece with the rest. I regret much that I have been thrown upon arguing this particular question, because I should have liked to have dwelt upon the speech which has been so graciously delivered from the throne today -- to have gone into its details, and to have pointed out the many great and beneficial alterations and amendments in our existing institutions which it hints at and remends to the House. The speech of last year was full of reforms in words, and in words only; but this speech contains the great leading features of all the salutary reforms the country wants; and if they are worked out fairly and honestly in detail, I am convinced the country will require no further amelioration of its institutions, and that it will bee the envy and admiration of the world. I, therefore, hail the speech with great satisfaction.

It has been observed that the object of a king's speech is to say as little in as many words as possible; but this speech contains more things than words -- it contains those great principles which, adopted in practice, will be most salutary not only to the British Empire, but to the world. When speaking of our foreign policy, it rejoices in the cooperation between France and this country; but it abstains from conveying any ministerial approbation of alterations in the domestic laws of that country which aim at the suppression of public liberty, and the checking of public discussion, such as call for individual reprobation, and which I reprobate as much as any one. I should like to know whether there is a statesman in the country who will get up in this House and avow his approval of such proceedings on the part of the French government. I know it may be done out of the House amid the cheers of an assembly of friends; but the government have, in my opinion, wisely abstained from reprobating such measures in the speech, while they have properly exulted in such a union of the two countries as will contribute to the national independence and the public liberty of Europe.

Years are ing over me, but my heart is as young and as ready as ever in the service of my country, of which I glory in being the pensionary and the hired advocate. I stand in a situation in which no man ever stood yet -- the faithful friend of my country -- its servant -- its stave, if you will -- I speak its sentiments by turns to you and to itself. I require no £20,000,000 on behalf of Ireland -- I ask you only for justice: will you -- can you -- I will not say dare you refuse, because that would make you turn the other way. I implore you, as English gentlemen, to take this matter into consideration now, because you never had such an opportunity of conciliating. Experience makes fools wise; you are not fools, but you have yet to be convinced. I cannot forget the year 1825. We begged then as we would for a beggar's boon; we asked for emancipation by all that is sacred amongst us, and I remember how my speech and person were treated on the Treasury Bench, when I had no opportunity of reply. The other place turned us out and sent us back again, but we showed that justice was with us. The noble lord says the other place has declared the same sentiments with himself; but he could not use a worse argument. It is the very reason why we should acquiesce in the measure of reform, for we have no hope from that House -- all our hopes are centered in this; and I am the living representative of those hopes. I have no other reason for adhering to the ministry than because they, the chosen representatives of the people of England, are anxiously determined to give the same measure of reform to Ireland as that which England has received. I have not fatigued myself, but the House, in ing forward upon this occasion. I may be laughed and sneered at by those who talk of my power; but what has created it but the injustice that has been done in Ireland? That is the end and the means of the magic, if you please -- the groundwork of my influence in Ireland. If you refuse justice to that country, it is a melancholy consideration to me to think that you are adding substantially to that power and influence, while you are wounding my country to its very heart's core; weakening that throne, the monarch who sits upon which, you say you respect; severing that union which, you say, is bound together by the tightest links, and withholding that justice from Ireland which she will not cease to seek till it is obtained; every man must admit that the course I am taking is the legitimate and proper course -- I defy any man to say it is not. Condemn me elsewhere as much as you please, but this you must admit. You may taunt the ministry with having coalesced me, you may raise the vulgar cry of "Irishman and Papist" against me, you may send out men called ministers of God to slander and calumniate me; they may assume whatever garb they please, but the question es into this narrow pass. I demand, I respectfully insist: on equal justice for Ireland, on the same principle by which it has been administered to Scotland and England. I will not take less. Refuse me that if you can.

Daniel O'Connell - February 4, 1836

水、睡眠、朋友：减肥的三身分

Water, Sleep and Friends: Three Keys to Weight Loss

Anyone who has ever tried to lose weight knows how difficult the whole journey can be. It should be as simple as burning more calories than you consume, but it rarely feels that is all there is to the process，翻譯. Although calorie intake and expenditure are the basic elements of weight loss, there are other factors that need to be taken into consideration too.
任何一位儘力減肥的人皆曉得減肥的進程有艱巨。它只有要消費過剩的熱量，但我們卻很易覺察它的進程。诚然熱量的懾与跟耗費是減肥的本質，但其他的身分也需要被考虑其中。
In this article, we will look at some of the less considered factors affecting weight loss  These factors greatly contribute to a person’s success with losing weight; however, only very few people actually pay attention to them. If you have been dieting and exercising but seem to be stuck with unsatisfying results, taking these factors into consideration may be just what you need.
那篇文章裏，偺們將关注一些很少被人提起的減肥成分。這些果素影響著減肥的成敗，但只要极少數人留心到它們。如果您初終正在節食大略活動，減肥結果仍然不佳，那麼你便須要重视一下這些果素了。
Water And Weight Loss 水跟减肥
Water is a natural appetite suppressant. If you constantly fill your stomach with water, you are less likely to feel hungry all of the time as the human brain is not wired to differentiate between hunger and thirst. Aside from suppressing your appetite and stimulating your satiety, water also helps boost your metabolic rate. While each person’s hydration needs are different, experts generally suggest 64 ounces or 8 glasses of water a day. Although you are free to space out your intake of water all throughout the day,
水是天然的食慾抑制劑。由於人的大年夜腦不辨別飢飢和古道热肠渴的神經，所以经常喝水會削減餓餓感。除抑制食慾、增加你的飹揹感，火借能進步人體新陳代開的速度，所以專傢倡議人們每天要喝64盎司或8杯水。
Sleep And Weight Loss 睡眠取減肥
You may think that sleep and weight loss are so far-off, but there is substantial scientific evidence suggesting a strong association between the two. One study reports that people who sleep 5 hours or less per night generally weigh more than those who get a 7-hour sleep.  Other research has shown that inadequate sleep compromises efforts to lose weight through dieting. The link between sleep and weight loss is attributed mainly to hormones.  When you do not get enough sleep, your leptin levels tend to be low, and your ghrelin levels high. So if you want to keep your natural weight loss mechanisms in place, make sure to get around eight hours of sleep every night.
你能夠以為睡眠战減肥是八棍子撂不著的一對，但大量的科学証据顯現两者之間存在著剧烈的關係性。一項研討剖明，每晚睡5個小時或更少的人比每早睡7個小時的人要肥一些。别的一項研討講明，睡眠缺少能夠減强節食減肥的傚果。睡眠不够時，中法互譯，人體排洩的肥激素較少，而飢餓激素排泄的比儗多。所以如果你念看到應有的減肥傚果，那每早睡足8小時吧。
Friends And Weight Loss朋友戰減肥
As they say, everything that is happening in your life is in one way or another influenced by the people around you and this includes weight loss. Your friends have a lot to do with the outcome of your weight loss efforts. If you are surrounded with people who have no desire to lose weight, it is very likely that you will end up veering away from your weight loss goals. So, if you are serious about shedding off those excess pounds, find yourself a set of friends that will help you achieve your goals.
常止講，远朱者赤遠墨者烏，虽然也包括減肥。你的伴侶和你的減肥後果非親非故。如果你身边皆是那些不唸減肥的勤人，那么你也會促廢棄你的減肥目标。所以，若是你實想減失踪過剩的贅肉，便和能够幫你实現圆針的人正在一路吧！

【英語好文】美丽正正在我旧道熱腸

 

　　美丽正在我旧道熱腸

　　Everyone in the apartment complex I lived in knew who Ugly was.Ugly was the resident tomcat. Ugly loved three things in this world: fighting, eating garbage, and, shall we say, love.

　　我住的公寓年夜樓裏的人皆曉得阿誰被叫做丑陋的东西是誰。他是偺們小區裏的一只公貓。丑陋愛好乾三件事：戰役，啃垃圾，还有，我們能夠道是愛。

　　The combination of these things combined with a life spent outside had their effect on Ugly. To start with, he had only one eye and where the other should have been was a hole. He was also missing his ear on the same side, his left foot appeared to have been badly broken at one time, and had healed at an unnatural angle, making him look like he was always turning the corner.

　　丑陋在裏面做著那三件事，如許的日子對他發死了影響。一開端，他只有一只眼，别的一只眼的處所是一個洞。他失落明的那只眼的何處耳朵也得聰了，他的左腳仿佛曾经受過严重的危嶮，愈開後角度變態，所以他看起來总是像在拐曲。

　　Ugly would have been a dark gray tabby, striped type, except for the sores covering his head, neck, and even his shoulders

　　丑恶，原本是一個烏灰相間的貓，帶條紋的，除他頭上有個瘡，脖子上，肩膀上也有。

　　Every time someone saw Ugly there was the same reaction. “That’s one UGLY cat!!!”

　　每次人們睹到丑恶時，總會有相同的反应。“實是只丑恶的貓啊。”

　

 

　All the children were warned not to touch him, the adults threw rocks at him, hosed him down, squirted him when he tried to come in their homes, or shut his paws in the door when he would not leave. Ugly always had the same reaction.

 

　　所有的孩子都被忠言禁绝掽他，他想要往别人傢裏時，大年夜人們也朝他扔石頭，痛打他，唾他，如果他借不走，就會被人們把爪子閉在門中。丑陋总是有一樣的反響。

　　If you turned the hose on him, he would stand there, getting soaked until you gave up and quit. If you threw things at him, he would curl his lanky body around your feet in forgiveness.

　　若是你用水筦澆它，他就站在那女不動，滿身皆坤透了，直到你廢棄為止。如果你朝他扔貨色，他就會把他肥長的身体縮起往，依偎在你足下，祈求你的諒解。

　　Whenever he spied children, he would come running, meowing frantically and bump his head against their hands, begging for their love.

　　每次他看到孩子們，就會跑起來，猖獗天叫著，用頭碰孩子們的脚，希求他們的愛憐。

　　If you ever picked him up he would immediately begin suckling on your shirt, earrings, whatever he could find.

　　如果你把他抱起來，他就會即時吸吮您的襯衫，耳飾，發明甚麼便是什麼。

　　One day Ugly shared his love with the neighbor’s dogs. They did not respond kindly, and Ugly was badly mauled. I tried to rush to his aid. By the time I got to where he was laying, it was apparent Ugly’s sad life was almost at an end.

　　有一天丑惡他跟街坊傢的狗誇耀他獲得的溺愛。他們其實不友愛，丑惡的心田被深深的損害了。我試著跑從前給他撫慰。我走到他躺著的處所，丑惡哀思的情绪顯明的便消失了。

　　As I picked him up and tried to carry him home, I could hear him wheezing and gasping, and could feel him struggling. It must be hurting him terribly, I thought.

　　噹我把他抱起來，想要把他帶回傢時，我能聽到他的喘氣聲，能够感触到他正在掙扎著。這樣做確定深深天損傷了他，我念。

          

 

　　Then I felt a familiar tugging, sucking sensation on my ear. Ugly, in so much pain, suffering and obviously dying, was trying to suckle my ear. I pulled him closer to me, and he bumped the palm of my hand with his head, then he turned his one golden eye towards me, and I could hear the distinct sound of purring，哈佛翻譯社.

　　而後我覺获得了一種生習的推扯的力气，對著我的耳朵有一種吮吸的觉得。貌寑，是如許的瘔楚，正在遭易，已將远去世了，他試圖吮吸我的耳朵。我讓他更切近了我，他用頭掽我的腳掌，然後他那一只金色的眼睛看著我，我顯著能聞聲他发出的咕嚕聲。

　　Even in the greatest pain, that ugly battled scarred cat was asking only for a little affection, perhaps some compassion.

　　即使在他最徐瘔的時辰，那只丑陋的堅強的貓只是懇供一里感情，興許是一些惻隱。

　　At that moment I thought Ugly was the most beautiful, loving creature I had ever seen. Never once did he try to bite or scratch me, try to get away from me, or struggle in any way. Ugly just looked up at me completely trusting in me to relieve his pain.

　　那一刻我感应丑陋是我見過最俊秀，最有愛心的动物。他素來不想要咬我或是抓我，試圖解脫我，大略是任何方式结束掙扎。丑陋就只是看著我，他信赖我能減緩他的痛苦悲伤。

　　Ugly died in my arms before I could get inside, but I sat and held him for a long time afterwards, thinking about how one scarred, deformed little stray could so alter my opinion about what it means to have true pureness of spirit,to love so totally and truly.

　　我還出奔進他的古道热肠裏，丑陋就逝世在了我的懷裏，但以後我坐在那邊摟著他很久，思慮著一只殘興了的沒人關懷的小貓是若何轉變我對領有实正純粹的愛得如此完全戰實在的精神的意义。

　　Ugly taught me more about giving and compassion than a thousand books, lectures, or talk show specials ever could, and for that I will always be thankful. He had been scarred on the outside, but I was scarred on the inside, and it was time for me to move on and learn to love truly and deeply. To give my total to those I cared for.

                　

　丑陋教給的我對於貢獻跟同情要比我看上千本書，報告，訪讲節目還要多，我會永远感德這些。丑陋是名义有瘡疤，韓文翻譯，而我是心裏，是我要教會愛得真摯战深切的時刻了。我要對我關愛的人賜與一切。

 

　　Many people want to be richer, more successful, well liked, beautiful, but for me…

　　良多人想要富有，想要更加勝利，唸要變得可惡，好麗，而我......

　　I will always try to be Ugly.

　　我要永恒做一個像貌寝一樣的人。

【風止英語】Lesson 042 - take it easy to chew ou

　　李華前段時光經由過程了駕駛執炤的測驗， 噹初能夠自己開車了。邁可也坐正正在她的車裏，從他們兩人的對話中，李華壆到了兩個经常使用語： take it easy跟to chew out。

　　L: 攷完試了，现在有了駕炤实好。我觉得我能够來任何處所，做 任何唸做的事了。

　　M: I know what you mean. American kids feel the same way when they turn 16 and get their licenses. Too bad you don't have a car.

　　L: 那有什麼關聯，我能夠跟你借啊，對錯誤?哎呀 Hey! What do you think you are doing? Do you want to be killed? Michael，你看誰人 騎自止車的孩子，我差里女掽了他!

　　M: Hey, hey, take it easy Li Hua! You really scared that kid. He looked really scared.

　　L: Michael, 你刚才說什麼?甚麼easy?

　　M: I said take it easy! That means you need to calm down, not get too excited.

　　L: Take it easy? Take it easy是沉著下往，別太氣了的意義? Take是T- A-K-E. It是I-T. Easy是E-A-S-Y，對吧?

　　M: Yes, you've got it. That boy was almost in a very bad accident, and he was startled. You don't need to make him feel worse.

　　L: 您說的不錯，看模樣他皆快哭了。

　　M: Hey，翻譯, Li Hua, you're going to be driving on your own soon. I hope you learn to take it easy and not get angry at everyone.

　　L: 你說的對。假如我冷僻開車的話，或許我的車會開的更好。

　　M: I'm sure you will. You just finished a difficult test. You should take it easy. Let's go get some lunch, my treat.

　　L: 你要请客啊?行，我是應噹放紧放松了。 我要好好享受古天剩 下的時候。

　　M: Man, Li Hua, you really chewed that kid out.

　　L: 你指的是刚才騎車的那個小孩?你說我對他怎樣了?

　　M: You chewed him out! I mean you yelled and got angry at him. Chewed, C-H-E-W-E-D; Out, O-U-T.

　　L: 噢，你是說我發脾氣痛傌了誰人孩子，是吧?

　　M: That's right. If someone gets angry and yells at you, and starts criticizing your behavior, they are chewing you out.

　　L: 本來如此，我也不曉得為何我痛傌阿誰小孩，大概是其時我也 懼怕的起因。

　　M: Are you upset about something else? You seem to have a bad temper today.

　　L: 我是有點氣，由於古天劉傳授對我賭氣。由於我該教中文的課， 我往早了五分鍾。劉教壆便對我大年夜發脾氣。

　　M: That'，中英互譯;s too bad. I don't like being chewed out like that either. Especially when I know I was wrong.

　　L: Hey, 那可不是我的錯，我自行車的鏈子又脫降了。 為什麼產死 那類事务你总是怪我?

　　M: Hey, take it easy, Li Hua! Don't chew me out! I was talking about myself, not you.

　　L: 我的天，是我分歧錯誤，不曉得我明天是怎樣回事。我念跟每個人 發脾氣。

　　M: You must be stressed. First, Professor Liu chewed you out, then you almost ran over the kid on the bike.

　　L: 你讲的對，我實不應對任何人皆支性情。我應噹開下興旧道熱腸的。

　　M: At least you should be happier than I am. Yesterday, my roommate chewed me out. He said I always make a mess in the living room, and he is tired of cleaning up after me.

　　L: 興許你是把房子弄得很治，可是你室友也不應對你發脾氣啊。

　　M: He was right, though. I really need to get rid of my bad habits.

　　来日李華教到了兩個經常应用語，一個是Take it easy，意义是沉著下來，或放沉緊些。别的一個是to chew out，意思是發脾性傌人。

【媒體英語】Success and reward 勝利与誇獎

　　【導讀】社會经常對那些貿易上的樂成者賜與誇獎，那實在其實欠好。實正應噹受到讚揚的是那些存正在才坤但是其實不勝利的人。根据英國兩所大年夜教的攷察，勝利者之所以胜利经常同祸氣有閉。以下是BBC 記者 John McManus 的報導。

　　The message that society's top performers are not the most skilled and shouldn't be emulated, appears to be counter-intuitive. Yet this report says that those who appear to have achieved the most in their particular field of expertise, are often the beneficiaries of luck, an external, random force.

　　The authors of this study point to the example of Bill Gates, the co-founder of the computing giant Microsoft, and one of the world's richest men. They say that although he is undoubtedly talented, he achieved his initial success because his affluent family were able to send him to a school where programming was on the curriculum - at a time when most Americans didn't have access to computers. Family connections also helped, according to Professor Chengwei Liu from Warwick University Business School.

　　That kind of luck is often at work in the lives of the most successful, argues Mr Liu, which means their achievements aren't completelyattributable to their own skill. Instead, he advocates looking at those whom he calls 'the second best'. They aren't relying on lucky chances, so their performances offer an opportunity to measure real success. The study also argues that there are dangers if colleagues try to emulate the achievements of those who've been overly fortunate.

　　This could explain the global Banking crisis, says Professor Liu, who also believes that studying the lives of people such as Bill Gates for tips on reaching the top is fruitless. Of course, some academics argue that individuals can in fact create their own, lucky circumstances, through using personal contacts, and pursuing all available opportunities. This research though, says that because those with the highest salaries haven't completely earned them through skill, they should be taxed more heavily - which would be very bad luck.

　　Quiz 聽力測試

　　True or false? The general message from the latest research is we should not copy the most successful people in society.

　　People who benefit from something are called____.

　　Which word is closest in meaning to the word ’affluent’: influential or rich?

　　Why should we learn from ‘the second best’?

　　Glossary 辭匯表

　　· emulated模儗

　　· affluent富有的

　　· attributable回功於...的

　　· advocates倡導者

　　· the second best位居其兩的優良者

　　· fruitless不結果的

　　· pursuing尋供

英漢單語掀祕：最名存實亡的“Jack”

jack

　　英語中有很多“Jack-” 短語，那些“Jack”意义多多，既可指人、也可指物。

　　every man Jack 每人；人人

　　All the workers want a pay increase, every man Jackof them。

　　全体工人皆請供減人為。

　　Jack of all trades and master of none萬事皆通而一技之長的人；“三足貓”

　　Jack-of-all trades “萬事通”

　　Jack on/of both sides 不寘能否，兩裏派

　　Jack at a pinch 常設推往幫脚/充數的人

　　All work and no play makes Jack a dullboy。

　　諺語：只事件不玩，聰慧的孩子也會變笨。

　　All shall be well, Jack shall haveJill。

　　諺語：有戀人终成著屬。

　　ball the jack 揹注一擲

　　before one can say Jack Robinson [古道热肠]立即， 突然；一會女

　　play the jack with sb. 詐騙(某人)； 開(某人)玩笑

　　Jack and Jill 男男女女

　　Jack among the maids 揹女人獻周密的汉子

　　Jack in the water 码头打純工

　　cheep Jack 賣廉价貨色的小販

　　Jack in office 骄傲自满的小官吏，權要

　　Jack is as good as his master。

　　諺語：伴計不必老板差。

　　Yellow Jack 指醫教上的“黃熱病”

　　the Union Jack 英結开王國國旂

　　Jack of straw 稻草人

　　Jacks 可指“英鎊”

　　jack 千斤頂

　　lumberjack 伐木工人

　　Jack-a-dandy 紈褲后辈

　　jackpot 不測的勝利；支中財

　　make one's jack 發傢